REVIEW / GENERALI

  1. Andreotti A., Borghesi F., 2012. Il piombo nelle munizioni da caccia: problematiche e possibili soluzioni. Rapporti ISPRA, 158/2012. ISBN 978-88-448-0536-4 [link]
  2. Group of Scientists, 2014. Wildlife and Human Health Risks from Lead-Based Ammunition in Europe: A Consensus Statement by Scientists. Available from: [link]
  3. Arnemo J.M., Andersen O., Stokke S. et al., 2016. Health and Environmental Risks from Lead-based Ammunition: Science Versus Socio-Politics. EcoHealth 13, 618-622. [link]
  4. Kanstrup, N., Swift, J., Stroud, D.A. et al., 2018. Hunting with lead ammunition is not sustainable: European perspectives. Ambio 47, 846-857. [link]
  5. Kanstrup N., 2024. The transition to non-lead ammunition: an essential and feasible prerequisite for sustainable hunting in modern society. Aarhus University, Department of Ecoscience. 164 pp. ISBN: 978-87-92473-35-6. [link]

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION / CONTAMINAZIONE AMBIENTALE

  1. Mañosa, S., Mateo, R. & Guitart, R., 2001. A Review of the Effects of Agricultural and Industrial Contamination on the Ebro Delta Biota and Wildlife. Environ Monit Assess 71, 187-205. [link]
  2. Cao X., Ma L.Q., Chen M., Hardison Jr. D.W., Harris W.G., 2003. Weathering of Lead Bullets and Their Environmental Effects at Outdoor Shooting Ranges. Journal of Environmental Quality, 32: 526-534. [link]
  3. Reglero M. M., Taggart M. A., Monsalve-González L., Mateo R., 2009. Heavy metal exposure in large game from a lead mining area: Effects on oxidative stress and fatty acid composition in liver. Environmental Pollution, Volume 157, Issue 4, Pages 1388-1395, ISSN 0269-7491. [link]
  4. Rodríguez-Estival J., A. Barasona J., Mateo R., 2012. Blood Pb and δ-ALAD inhibition in cattle and sheep from a Pb-polluted mining area. Environmental Pollution, Volume 160, Pages 118-124, ISSN 0269-7491, [link]
  5. Bozkurt Y. C., Haque A. J., Sullivan C., Xiang B., Zhu Y., Ul Alam M. A., Kurup P. U., 2025. Community-Wide Monitoring of Lead in Drinking Water Distribution Systems Using Hand-Held Voltammetric Sensors and Geographic Information Systems. ACS Omega 2025 10 (18), 19096-19106. [link]

FOOD SAFETY / SICUREZZA ALIMENTARE

  1. Mateo R., Rodríguez-de la Cruz M., Vidal D., Reglero M., Camarero P., 2007. Transfer of lead from shot pellets to game meat during cooking. Science of The Total Environment, 372(2-3): 480-485. ISSN 0048-9697. [link]
  2. Hunt W. G., Watson R. T., Oaks J. L., Parish C. N., Burnham K. K., Tucker R. L., Belthoff J. R., Hart G., 2009. Lead bullet fragments in venison from rifle-killed deer: potential for human dietary exposure. PLoSONE, 4(4): e5330. [link]
  3. Knutsen H.K., Brantsæter A.L., Alexander J., Meltzer H.M., 2015. Associations Between Consumption of Large Game Animals and Blood Lead Levels in Humans in Europe: The Norwegian Experience. In Proceedings of the Oxford Lead Symposium. Lead Ammunition: Understanding and Minimizing the Risks to Human and Environmental Health, eds. R.J. Delahay, and C.J. Spray, C.J., 44-50. Oxford, UK: Edward Grey Institute, The University of Oxford. [link]
  4. Fustinoni S., Sucato S., Consonni D., Mannucci P. M., Moretto A., 2017. Blood lead levels following consumption of game meat in Italy. Environmental Research, 155: 36-41. [link]
  5. Lenti A., Menozzi A., Fedrizzi G., Menotta S., Iemmi T., Galletti G., Serventi P., Bertini S., 2021. Lead Levels in Wild Boar Meat Sauce (Ragù) Sold on the Italian Market. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Ealth, 18: 3989. [link]

PET FOOD / MANGIMI PER ANIMALI DOMESTICI

  1. Berny P.J., Cote L.M., Buck W.B., 2012. Case reports of lead poisoning in dogs from the National Animal Poison Control Center and the Centre National D’Informations Toxicologiques, Veterinaires: anecdotes or reality?. Veterinary and Human Toxicology, 34: 26-31 [link]
  2. Høgåsen H.R., Ørnsrud R., Knutsen H.K. et al. 2016. Lead intoxication in dogs: risk assessment of feeding dogs trimmings of lead-shot game. BMC Veterinary Research 12, 152. [link]
  3. Bates N., 2018. Lead toxicosis in cats and dogs. Companion Animal, 23(12):674–82. [link]
  4. Knutsen H. K., BrantsæterA. L., Fæste C. K.,Ruus A., Thomsen C., Skåre J. U., Amlund H., Arukwe A., Eriksen G. S., 2019. Risk Assessment of Lead Exposure from Cervid Meat in Norwegian Consumers and in Hunting Dogs. European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety 9 (2):104–107. [link]
  5. Pain D.J., Green R.E., Bates N. et al., 2023. Lead concentrations in commercial dogfood containing pheasant in the UK. Ambio, 52: 1339-1349. [link]

WILDLIFE / FAUNA

  1. Franson J. C., Pain D. J., 2011. Lead in Birds. USGS Staff – Published Research. 974. [link]
  2. Chiverton L., Cromie R., KockR., 2022. European mammal exposure to lead from ammunition and fishing weight sources. Heliyon, 8(8): e10014. ISSN 2405-8440. [link]
  3. Hydeskov H. B., Arnemo J. M., Lloyd Mills C., Gentle L. K., Uzal A, 2024. A Global Systematic Review of Lead (Pb) Exposure and its Health Effects in Wild Mammals. J Wildl Dis. 2024 Apr 1;60(2):285-297. [link]
  4. Lazarus M, Sergiel A, Ferenčaković M, Sekovanić A, Reljić S, Pađen L, Janz DM, Oster E, Zwijacz-Kozica T, Zięba F, Selva N, Huber Đ., 2024. Trace element contaminants and endocrine status of European brown bears assessed using blood as a matrix. Sci Total Environ. 2024 Dec 20;957:177486. [link]
  5. Slabe V. A., Warner K. S., Duran Z., Pilliod D. S., Ortiz P. A., Schmidt D., Szabo S., Katzner T. E., 2024. Lead exposure of a fossorial rodent varies with the use of ammunition across the landscape. Science of The Total Environment, Volume 954, 2024, 176406, ISSN 0048-9697, [link]

WATERBIRDS / UCCELLI ACQUATICI

  1. Mateo R., Beyer W. N., Spann J., Hoffman D., Ramis A., 2003. Relationship Between Oxidative Stress, Pathology, and Behavioral Signs of Lead Poisoning in Mallards. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 66 (14): 1371-1389. [link]
  2. Taggart M. A., Green A. J., Mateo R., Svanberg F., Hillström L., Meharg A. A., 2009. Metal levels in the bones and livers of globally threatened marbled teal and white-headed duck from El Hondo. Spain. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 72( 1): 1-9. ISSN 0147-6513. [link]
  3. Valverde I., Espín S., Navas I., María-Mojica P., Gil J. M., García-Fernández A. J., 2019. Lead exposure in common shelduck (Tadorna tadorna): Tracking the success of the Pb shot ban for hunting in Spanish wetlands. RegulatoryToxicology and Pharmacology, 106: 147-151. ISSN 0273-2300. [link]
  4. Ferraresi M., Ferri M., Gelati A., Gelmini L., Marti E., 2022. Conferma clinica e anatomo-patologica su avvelenamento da piombo in Fenicotteri rosa (Phoenicopterus roseus) rinvenuti nel Parco Regionale Veneto del Delta del Po. SIMeVeP. Argomenti 1/2022. [link]
  5. Béchet A., Olivier A., Cavallo F., Sauvajon L., Champagnon J., duRau P. D., Mondain-Monval J.-Y., 2025. Persistent lead poisoning of waterfowl in the Camargue (southern France) 10 years after the ban on the use of lead ammunition in wetlands. Conservation Science and Practice, 7(5): e70045. [link]

RAPTORS / RAPACI

  1. Monclús L., Shore R. F., Krone O., 2020. Lead contamination in raptors in Europe: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Science of The Total Environment, 748, 141437. ISSN 0048-9697. [link] 
  2. Bassi E., Facoetti R., Ferloni M., Pastorino A., Bianchi A., Fedrizzi G., Bertoletti I., Andreotti A., 2021. Lead contamination in tissues of large avian scavengers in south-central Europe. Science of The Total Environment, 778, 146130. ISSN 0048-9697. [link]
  3. HelanderB., Krone O., Räikkönen J., Sundbom M., Ågren E., Bignert A., 2021. Major lead exposure from hunting ammunition in eagles from Sweden. Science of The Total Environment, 795, 148799. ISSN 0048-9697. [link]
  4. Lazarova I., BalievaG., 2025. Effects of Lead Exposure in Wild Birds as Causes for Incidents and Fatal Injuries. Diversity, 17 (387). [link]
  5. Marcot B. G., Schumaker N. H., D’Elia J., 2025. Response of California condor populations to reintroductions, reinforcements, and reductions in spent lead ammunition pollution. Ecological Modelling, 501, 111002. ISSN 0304-3800. [link]
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